在精密傳動(dòng)領(lǐng)域，絲杠作為核心執(zhí)行元件，其動(dòng)態(tài)扭矩特性直接影響機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)精度與壽命。動(dòng)態(tài)扭矩測(cè)量不僅是設(shè)備調(diào)試的必經(jīng)環(huán)節(jié)，更是揭示傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)真實(shí)工作狀態(tài)的關(guān)鍵窗口。本文將從技術(shù)本質(zhì)出發(fā)，系統(tǒng)闡述絲杠動(dòng)態(tài)扭矩的測(cè)量原理與實(shí)現(xiàn)路徑。

　　In the field of precision transmission, the screw serves as the core actuator, and its dynamic torque characteristics directly affect the response accuracy and lifespan of the mechanical system. Dynamic torque measurement is not only a necessary step in equipment debugging, but also a key window to reveal the true working status of the transmission system. This article will start from the essence of technology and systematically explain the measurement principle and implementation path of dynamic torque of screw.

　　動(dòng)態(tài)扭矩的技術(shù)內(nèi)涵

　　The technical connotation of dynamic torque

　　絲杠動(dòng)態(tài)扭矩指其在旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中實(shí)時(shí)變化的扭矩值，包含啟動(dòng)扭矩、運(yùn)行扭矩、摩擦扭矩等多維參數(shù)。這些參數(shù)構(gòu)成傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的“扭矩指紋”，直接反映絲杠副的預(yù)緊狀態(tài)、潤(rùn)滑條件及磨損程度。例如，當(dāng)動(dòng)態(tài)扭矩波動(dòng)超過±5%時(shí)，可能預(yù)示著滾道磨損或潤(rùn)滑失效。

　　The dynamic torque of a screw refers to the real-time torque value that changes during its rotation, including multidimensional parameters such as starting torque, operating torque, and friction torque. These parameters constitute the "torque fingerprint" of the transmission system, directly reflecting the pre tightening state, lubrication conditions, and wear degree of the screw pair. For example, when the dynamic torque fluctuation exceeds ± 5%, it may indicate raceway wear or lubrication failure.

　　測(cè)量原理與實(shí)現(xiàn)路徑

　　Measurement principle and implementation path

　　應(yīng)變式測(cè)量技術(shù)

　　Strain gauge measurement technology

　　在絲杠軸向特定位置粘貼電阻應(yīng)變片，通過惠斯通電橋?qū)C(jī)械變形轉(zhuǎn)化為電信號(hào)。四片全橋接法可軸向力干擾，使扭矩測(cè)量靈敏度達(dá)到0.1%級(jí)。為應(yīng)對(duì)高速旋轉(zhuǎn)工況，需采用無線遙測(cè)技術(shù)，通過旋轉(zhuǎn)耦合器實(shí)現(xiàn)信號(hào)非接觸傳輸，采樣頻率可達(dá)10kHz。

　　Stick resistance strain gauges at specific positions along the screw axis, and convert mechanical deformation into electrical signals through a Wheatstone bridge. The four piece full bridge method can eliminate axial force interference and achieve a torque measurement sensitivity of 0.1%. To cope with high-speed rotating conditions, wireless telemetry technology is required to achieve non-contact signal transmission through a rotary coupler, with a sampling frequency of up to 10kHz.

　　磁電式非接觸測(cè)量

　　Magnetic electric non-contact measurement

　　基于磁彈效應(yīng)原理，在絲杠表面加工微米級(jí)應(yīng)力感應(yīng)槽，當(dāng)扭矩作用時(shí)，磁導(dǎo)率變化引起感應(yīng)線圈電感量改變。該技術(shù)突破接觸式測(cè)量的轉(zhuǎn)速限制，可在3000rpm工況下穩(wěn)定工作，測(cè)量帶寬覆蓋DC-2000Hz。

　　Based on the principle of magnetoelastic effect, micro scale stress induction grooves are machined on the surface of the screw. When torque is applied, the change in magnetic permeability causes a change in the inductance of the induction coil. This technology breaks through the speed limit of contact measurement and can work stably at 3000rpm, with a measurement bandwidth covering DC-2000Hz.

　　激光多普勒測(cè)扭法

　　Laser Doppler torsion measurement method

　　通過激光干涉儀監(jiān)測(cè)絲杠表面特定點(diǎn)的微位移，利用空間相位差解算扭矩值。該技術(shù)空間分辨率達(dá)微米級(jí)，特別適用于納米級(jí)精度要求的超精密絲杠檢測(cè)，但需在恒溫恒濕環(huán)境下使用。

　　Monitor the micro displacement of specific points on the surface of the screw using a laser interferometer, and calculate the torque value using spatial phase difference. This technology has a spatial resolution of micrometers and is particularly suitable for ultra precision screw detection with nanometer level accuracy requirements, but it needs to be used in a constant temperature and humidity environment.

　　測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的核心組件

　　The core components of the measurement system

　　高精度扭矩傳感器

　　High precision torque sensor

　　量程選擇需覆蓋額定扭矩的120%-150%，非線性度≤0.05%FS。對(duì)于動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)量，需關(guān)注傳感器固有頻率，應(yīng)大于被測(cè)信號(hào)頻率的3倍以上，避免諧振失真。

　　The range selection should cover 120% -150% of the rated torque, with a nonlinearity of ≤ 0.05% FS. For dynamic measurement, special attention should be paid to the natural frequency of the sensor, which should be greater than three times the highest frequency of the measured signal to avoid resonance distortion.

　　數(shù)據(jù)采集單元

　　Data collection unit

　　采用24位Δ-Σ型ADC，配合抗混疊濾波器，確保信號(hào)保真度。對(duì)于突發(fā)扭矩沖擊，需配置瞬態(tài)記錄功能，采樣深度不低于16MS/s。

　　Using a 24 bit Δ - ∑ type ADC, combined with an anti aliasing filter, to ensure signal fidelity. For sudden torque impact, a transient recording function should be configured with a sampling depth of not less than 16MS/s.

　　環(huán)境干擾抑制

　　Environmental interference suppression

　　通過電磁屏蔽艙隔離工頻干擾，溫度補(bǔ)償模塊實(shí)時(shí)修正熱漂移。對(duì)于振動(dòng)敏感場(chǎng)景，采用空氣彈簧隔振平臺(tái)，使環(huán)境振動(dòng)加速度≤0.05g。

　　Isolation of power frequency interference through electromagnetic shielding cabin, and real-time correction of thermal drift by temperature compensation module. For vibration sensitive scenarios, an air spring isolation platform is used to ensure that the environmental vibration acceleration is ≤ 0.05g.

　　測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的深度解析

　　Deep analysis of measurement data

　　采集的扭矩曲線需進(jìn)行時(shí)頻聯(lián)合分析。時(shí)域分析關(guān)注平均扭矩、扭矩波動(dòng)系數(shù)等參數(shù)；頻域分析通過FFT變換揭示0-1000Hz頻段內(nèi)的特征頻率成分。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)100Hz倍頻成分時(shí)，可能源于絲杠螺母副的周期性接觸變形。

　　The collected torque curve needs to undergo time-frequency joint analysis. Time domain analysis focuses on parameters such as average torque and torque fluctuation coefficient; Frequency domain analysis reveals characteristic frequency components within the 0-1000Hz frequency range through FFT transformation. When a 100Hz harmonic component appears, it may be due to periodic contact deformation of the screw nut pair.

　　動(dòng)態(tài)扭矩測(cè)量本質(zhì)是揭示傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的力學(xué)語言。通過高精度測(cè)量與深度數(shù)據(jù)分析，可建立絲杠的數(shù)字孿生模型，為傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化、剩余壽命預(yù)測(cè)提供數(shù)據(jù)支撐。這種技術(shù)能力正在推動(dòng)精密制造裝備向更智能、更可靠的方向演進(jìn)。

　　The essence of dynamic torque measurement is to reveal the mechanical language of the transmission system. Through high-precision measurement and depth data analysis, a digital twin model of the screw can be established to provide data support for transmission design optimization and remaining life prediction. This technological capability is driving the evolution of precision manufacturing equipment towards smarter and more reliable directions.

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